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The Sexual Health Information
Sexual Health
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines sexual health as "the state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality; it is not merely the abscence of disease, dysfunction and infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive, respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled."
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VALTREX - Simple Dosing for the Suppression
of Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is a contagious
viral infection primarily affecting the genitals of men and women. The
telltale signs and symptoms of herpes include recurrent clusters of
blisters, bumps and rashes in the genital areas. These outbreaks are
most commonly caused by the Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), one of several
strains of the Herpes virus.
Genital herpes is generally
not a life-threatening disease, but it is a lifelong disease with outbreaks
that can recur at any time. In addition to the physical symptoms, genital
herpes can have great impact on some patients.
In addition to the fact
that there is no cure, it also can be transmitted, placing an enormous
burden of responsibility on those that carry it. It has reached epidemic
proportions in the U.S.; up to 500,000 people get it each year, and
current estimates are that 50 million cases or more exist in either
the active or dormant stage. It is estimated that 1 in 5 Americans age
12 and older are infected with HSV-2.
VALTREX is the only once-a-day prescription medication proven
to suppress future genital herpes outbreaks. VALTREX works by disrupting the
process by which the herpes virus reproduces itself and spreads to other cells
in the body. There is no cure for genital herpes, and no drug has been proven
to prevent the spread of herpes to others. Use VALTREX to suppress herpes
outbreaks or to treat them when they occur.
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| Q: |
How do I know if I have genital
herpes? |
| A: |
If you think you may have been exposed to or infected with the
herpes virus, it is very important to see a physician or other healthcare
provider immediately! Be aware of the following symptoms and see
a physician or other healthcare provider if you are experiencing
any of them. If you've noticed a rash, chafing, pimples, or sores
of any kind in your genital area, you may have genital herpes. Other
symptoms may include burning during urination, tenderness, tingling,
swollen lymph nodes, or soreness in the genital area. |
| Q: |
Can you spread genital herpes even when you're not having an outbreak? |
| A: |
The genital herpes virus can still be spread through the skin
although there are no visible signs of an outbreak. This is called
asymptomatic viral shedding. Up to 70% of people catch genital herpes
from an infected partner who has no signs or symptoms. What's more,
because outbreaks are not always obvious, nine out of ten people
who have genital herpes don't even know it. |
| Q: |
How can I reduce the risk of spreading the herpes virus? |
| A: |
To help reduce the risk of infecting partners, avoid sexual contact
when lesions or symptoms are present. And since it is possible to shed
the virus without having signs and symptoms of an outbreak, always use
a condom during intercourse to reduce the risk of transmission. Auto-inoculation,
or spreading the virus to other parts of your body, can be avoided by
not touching your sores. If you do touch them, wash your hands immediately
with soap and water. |
| Q: |
If I take medication, can I still spread genital herpes to others? |
| A: |
No drug has been proven to prevent the spread of herpes infection to
other people. You or your partner should always use condoms and avoid
sexual contact during an outbreak. |
| Q: |
How common is herpes? |
| A: |
Most Americans have herpes, either as genital herpes, or as cold sores.
(The main difference is where it appears on the body.) About 50 million
Americans have the virus that causes the genital form of herpes, with
up to 500,000 new cases diagnosed each year. |
| Q: |
Who is most susceptible to herpes? |
| A: |
Anyone who is sexually active (including any vaginal, oral, or anal
contact) can get genital herpes. But most people with genital herpes never
recognize the signs of infection. So there are lots of people who have
herpes and don't even know it. |
| Q: |
If I think I have genital herpes, is it necessary to get tested? |
| A: |
Yes. Once you know you have genital herpes, there are steps you can
take to reduce its impact on your life. You can take medication to shorten
outbreaks or to help suppress them before symptoms ever appear. You can
practice safer sex. Through local support groups, you can talk to others
who have genital herpes. Your doctor or other healthcare provider can
help you with all of these steps, but only if you talk to him or her about
the symptoms that make you think you may have genital herpes. |
| Q: |
What could happen if I have genital herpes and don't know it? |
| A: |
You could pass it on to a partner. Or, if your partner has herpes and
doesn't know it, he or she could pass it to you. You could also spread
herpes to another part of your body, like your mouth or your finger. |
| Q: |
If I am pregnant and have genital herpes, will I transmit it to the
baby? |
| A: |
Women with genital herpes have healthy babies all the time. However,
it is possible, if you become infected during pregnancy or you have an
outbreak at the time of delivery, to transmit the infection to your baby.
Therefore, it is particularly important to take appropriate precautions
to prevent becoming infected during pregnancy, particularly if your partner
has genital herpes and you don't. It is strongly recommended that pregnant
women who suspect that they may have genital herpes discuss this with
their physician or other healthcare provider because there are precautions
that can be taken to help protect the baby from infection. |
| Q: |
If I think I have genital herpes, what should I do? |
| A: |
With the help of your physician or other healthcare provider, genital
herpes can be managed. Don't take a chance. If you think you or your partner
might have genital herpes, see your physician or other healthcare provider
right away. Remember, herpes thrives on ignorance. |
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THE DISEASE
Over 80 known viruses exist within the Herpes family.
Of these, 8 are known to cause disease in humans, the most common being
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2. HSV-1 and HSV-2 look identical under the
microscope, and either type can infect the mouth or genitals. Usually,
however, HSV-1 occurs above the waist, and HSV-2 below the waist:
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) - commonly causes
herpes labialis (also called oral herpes, cold sores or fever blisters),
which are highly infectious open sores that crust over before healing.
Although less probable, HSV-1 can also cause genital herpes.
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)
- a contagious viral infection primarily causing genital herpes in men and
women. The telltale signs and symptoms of genital herpes include recurrent
clusters of blisters, bumps and rashes in the genital areas. HSV-2 can also
be responsible for herpes labialis, although less often than HSV-1.
In addition to cold sores and genital
herpes, HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause other diseases:
- herpes simplex encephalitis, a rare
but potentially fatal herpetic infection of the brain
- neonatal herpes - a rare but potentially
severe HSV infection in a newborn; neonatal herpes results from transmission
of the virus from the mother to the baby during delivery
- herpetic whitlow - an HSV infection
of the finger, acquired either from transfer of the infection from another
part of the body or from direct contact with another party having an HSV
infection; herpetic whitlow most commonly affects healthcare workers
- herpes keratitis - an HSV infection
of the eye; herpes keratitis is one of the most common causes of blindness
- herpes gladiatorum - an HSV infection,
usually of the skin, acquired during wrestling; the skin can become abraded,
or scraped, during a wrestling match, allowing a herpes virus to enter the
body and establish an infection
- Unlike viruses such as influenza, which can be transmitted
through the air, herpes simplex viruses require physical contact. They are
frequently transmitted through mouth-to-mouth contact (in the case of HSV-1)
or genital-to-genital contact (in the case of HSV-2), although other means
of transmission, including hand-to-genital and mouth-to-genital contact,
are possible.
INFECTION: How does it all begin?
When the herpes virus, either HSV-1 or HSV-2, enters the body, it penetrates
the skin cells in the lower layers of the skin. After entering the cells,
herpes "commandeers" the cell's reproductive mechanism: The cell
then reproduces copies of the virus, rather than of the cell itself, destroying
the cells in the process. At this point, whether or not you see the blisters
and inflammation associated with the herpes infection, you have acquired this
lifelong infection.
LATENCY: Where does the virus live
in my body?
After a few days, the virus is transported from the skin through branches
of nerve cells to clusters of nerve endings called ganglia, which are situated
close to the brain or along the spinal cord.
There, the virus "waits," in an inactive or latent
form. The virus does not replicate here, but it does survive inside the body's
cells. During this period, infected individuals show no symptoms; they have
no blisters or inflammation at all.
ASYMPTOMATIC VIRAL SHEDDING: Hidden
Dangers
Even when you don't see any symptoms of herpes, it's still possible to transmit
the virus. Asymptomatic viral shedding means the virus may be actively replicating
itself but not to the degree that it would cause symptoms. During this time,
you can pass the virus to another person.
One study estimates that almost 70% of the cases of genital
herpes were transmitted through asymptomatic viral shedding. Genital herpes
(HSV-2) is more likely to be transmitted via asymptomatic shedding than are
cold sores (HSV-1).
REACTIVATION: Why do herpes outbreaks
keep coming back?
Both oral and genital herpes can recur. The virus will begin to multiply and
symptoms will appear, usually at the site of the original infection. When
this happens, the virus is said to reactivate or "recur."
Some people have frequent recurrences, while other people
have them rarely. The average for genital herpes is about 3 or 4 recurrences
per year. Some 60-90% of people with genital herpes have recurrences, compared
to 20-40% of people with oral herpes.
A typical recurrence
The course that genital herpes takes over time can vary from individual to
individual. Keep in mind, for many people the initial infection is generally
the worst. A recurrence is generally less severe because the body has developed
some immunity. Ultimately, for most people the number and severity of outbreaks
will subside at some point.
What causes a recurrence?
We don't know exactly what causes a recurrence, but many people with the virus
cite various causes such as emotional stress, menstruation, skin irritation
as a result of sunburn, sunlight, lack of rest/fatigue, diet, surgery, and
vigorous sexual intercourse.
REDUCING THE RISK OF TRANSMISSION
Herpes infection, both oral and genital, can be spread to another person.
While the initial infection leads to outbreaks, it is important to remember
that the disease has taken permanent residence in your system. During latency,
the virus is dormant. During asymptomatic shedding, the virus reproduces.
In some cases, the immune system can keep it in check, suppressing development
of lesions. When the amount of viral reproduction increases to a certain level,
an outbreak occurs. You can reduce the risks of transmission if you take the
following precautions:
- Avoid kissing or sexual intercourse of any kind (vaginal,
anal or oral) when lesions are actually present.
- Transmission of herpes viruses can occur even when you
can't see the lesions! So use latex condoms.
- Avoid touching lesions when they are present. If you do
touch them, thoroughly wash your hands afterwards.
- Herpes infection may be transferred from one part of the
body to another -- another reason to avoid touching lesions. Take extra
care not to touch your eyes, nose, mouth or genitals after touching lesions,
as these areas are particularly susceptible to herpes infection.
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